 AIPL RESEARCH REPORT SCC3 (3-02) |
Somatic cell counts of milk from Dairy Herd Improvement herds during 2001R.H. Miller and H.D. NormanAnimal Improvement Programs Laboratory, ARS-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 301-504-8334 (voice) ~ 301-504-8092 (fax) ~ rlaipl@aipl.arsusda.gov ~ http://aipl.arsusda.gov |
Test-day data from all herds enrolled in Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) somatic cell testing during 2001 (93% of all DHI herds) were examined to assess the status of national milk quality. All test-day data within a herd were included regardless of breed; data from owner-sampler herds were included as well. Data from cows with records that failed Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory (AIPL) editing procedures (for example, no sire identification) were excluded. However, an earlier report showed that the somatic cell counts (SCC's) of milk from such cows did not differ from those from the other cows in the herd. Somatic cell score (SCS) is reported to AIPL as part of an individual cow's test-day yield information and was converted back to SCC in cells/milliliter [SCC = 2(SCS–3) × 100,000] for calculating herd and State averages.
Table 1 shows the total number of herd test days, the average number of cows (with usable records) per herd on test day, the average milk yield and SCC on test day, and the percentages of herd test days that exceeded four levels of SCC (750,000, 600,000, 500,000, and 400,000 cells/ml) for each State during 2001. The current legal limit for bulk tank SCC is 750,000 cells/ml for Grade A producers; the lower limits shown have been proposed as future maximums. State and national average daily milk yields were weighted by the number of cows per herd test day. Herd, State, and national average SCC's were based on SCC's from individual cows that were weighted by milk yield on test day.
Nationally, average SCC during 2001 was 322,000 cells/ml, which was higher than the national average of 316,000 cells/ml for 2000. Corresponding averages for 1995 through 1999 (Table 2) were 304,000, 308,000, 314,000, 318,000, and 311,000. The percentage of herd test days that exceeded 750,000, 600,000, 500,000, and 400,000 cells/ml during 2001 was 4.9, 10.6, 18.2 and 31.1, respectively. Thus, 4.9% of test days from DHI herds that participated in somatic cell testing are higher than the present legal limit for SCC of bulk tank milk. This percentage may overestimate the percentage of herds that exceeded the legal limit for bulk tank SCC on test day because the milk of cows treated for mastitis is excluded from the bulk tank but included in DHI test data. Also, the percentage of herd test days that exceeded the legal limit would have been higher than the percentage of herds that were rejected from the market because market exclusion only occurs after repeat violations.
Variation among States (Table 1) was large. Average SCC's were lower in the far West and higher in the Southeast. Although climatic conditions (temperature and humidity) probably contributed to regional SCC differences, SCC differences between geographically adjacent states were substantial, which suggests that mastitis-control regimens have an impact under similar climatic conditions.
Table 2 shows the U.S. averages for the variables in Table 1 for each year from 1995 through 2001 and the annual trends for those variables. Herd size and average daily milk yield have been increasing. The results for SCC raise concern that the quality of U.S. milk is deteriorating. Trend for SCC was an average annual increase of 2400 cells/ml, which is quite alarming. The percentage of herd test days above 750,000 cells/ml also appears to be increasing as do those above 600,000, 500,000, and 400,000 cells/ml. Greater efforts to improve milk quality are essential. State and national SCC's will continue to be summarized annually so that changes in SCC and implications to milk quality can be monitored.